Phosphatidylserine
Welcome to my blog on phosphatidylserine.
You may like to check out the section of my website “Supplement Spotlights” to learn about other supplements from medicinal mushrooms to ashwagandha or methylene blue.
What Is Phosphatidylserine?
Phosphatidylserine, one aminophospholipid molecular, is widely distributed among animals, plants, and microorganisms. It is a key component of mammalian cell double membranes and plays very important roles in biological processes such as apoptosis (cell death) and cell signaling. (source)
In the brain, phosphatidylserine comprises up to 15% of the total phospholipid pool. The fatty acid composition of endogenous PS depends on its locale and function in the cell.
Approximately 30 g of PS exists in the human body and about half of this amount (13 g) is found in brain tissues. (source)
Because of such potential importance in neuronal functioning, PS is informally characterized as a brain-specific nutrient.2 As PS within the neural membrane is especially important for the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC activity declines with age, it is speculated that there are age-related deficits in PS in humans. A decrease in PS in the brain with aging may relate to cognitive decline and impairment. (source)
Phosphatidylserine Foods
Small amounts are found in most foods.
Phosphatidylserine exists naturally in animals, plants, and microbial resources. The most commonly available sources of PS are soy and milk. Soy lecithin contains approximately 0.5% phosphatidylserine, whereas milk contains about 5%–10% of the total phospholipids. There are trace amounts of PS in vegetable oils such as corn oil, almond oil, and sunflower oil. (source)
Benefits Of Phosphatidylcholine
Many studies were conducted on the physiological functions of BC-PS. Nunzi et al. demonstrated that the administration of BC-PS improved the memory-related behaviours on aged rats. (source)
Alzheimer’s Disease
C-PS intake by elder people also showed a positive impact on the improvement of age-related brain dysfunction including Alzheimer’s disease.
Cenacchi et al. reported the improvements in behavioral and cognitive functions in a group of geriatric patients with cognitive impairment after BC-PS 300 mg/day for 6 months. (source)
Supplemental phosphatidylserine (200 mg/day for 3 months) significantly improved in memory, information processing, and the ability to perform activities of daily living for older patients with severe cognitive impairments secondary to Alzheimer’s disease. (source)
Age Related Memory Decline
Clinical studies on S-PS also showed positive effects on improving the age-related memory impairment. (source)
General Brain Health
Phosphatidylserine, when taken in doses ranging from 300 to 800 mg daily, is well absorbed by the body and can effectively cross the blood-brain barrier. It is safe and can slow down, stop, or even reverse biochemical changes and structural damage in nerve cells. This compound aids various cognitive functions in humans, such as forming short-term memories, consolidating long-term memories, creating new memories, retrieving stored memories, learning and recalling information, focusing attention, concentrating, reasoning, problem-solving, and developing language and communication skills. Additionally, it enhances locomotor functions, particularly in terms of quick reactions and reflexes. (source)
Depression
C-PS intake by elder people also showed a positive impact on the improvement of age-related brain dysfunction including depressive symptoms. (source)
Stress Alleviation
For healthy subjects, the brain performance and stress alleviation were improved after BC-PS intake.
The oral administration of BC-PS 800 mg/day for 10 days was demonstrated to significantly attenuate plasma cortisol concentrations in healthy inactive males. (source)
Psychiatric Disorders
The intake of phosphatidylserine has been associated with an improvement of psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar. (source)
ADHD
Moreover, phosphatidylserine significantly improved the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and the short-term auditory memory in children. phosphatidylserine supplement might be a safe and natural nutritional strategy for improving the mental performance in young children suffering from ADHD. (source)
Combating Exercise-Induced Stress
Intense physical activity generates reactive oxygen species in the body, leading to cellular damage and potentially causing cell death. Phosphatidylserine (PS) has been shown to be an effective supplement in mitigating exercise-induced stress and preventing the physiological decline associated with excessive training. (source)
PS has been demonstrated to speed up recovery, prevent muscle soreness, improve well-being, and might possess ergogenic properties in athletes involved in cycling, weight training, and endurance running. Fahey and Pearl reported that oral administration of S-PS (800 mg/day) during 2 weeks of intense weight training does not significantly attenuate creatine kinase activity but reduces the subjective ratings of muscle soreness during training. (source)
Short-term supplementation with S-PS (750 mg/day) improves exercise capacity during high-intensity cycling and tends to increase performance during intermittent running, indicating that phosphatidylserine might alter neuroendocrine function.
Phosphatidylserine supplements are not only beneficial for physical stress but also for mental stress. Reports indicate that PS can enhance accuracy during golf tee-offs by boosting stress resistance and can reduce stress while improving performance in runners, cyclists, and golfers. A month-long study showed mood improvements in healthy young adults who took 300 mg of PS daily. Additionally, research by Parker et al. found that PS supplements significantly boosted cognitive function before exercise in a group of 18 males aged 18–30 years. (source)
Additionally, a high cortisol response to exercise-induced stress can lead to negative training effects, such as overreaching or overtraining. Phosphatidylserine (PS) supplements have been shown to improve mood in some healthy young adults during stressful mental tasks and reduce both serum ACTH and cortisol levels. PS is recognized as a safe oral supplement that can lessen the serum cortisol and creatine kinase responses to acute exercise stress. Research indicates that taking a moderate dose of PS (600 mg/day) can help athletes maintain a favorable hormonal balance by reducing cortisol spikes. These findings suggest that PS helps mitigate the stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. (source)
The Importance Of DHA
It’s important to note that about 20%-30% of phosphatidylserine in human gray matter consists of 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine. The DHA content in neuronal phosphatidylserine is crucial for its function. Research by Cunnane et al. showed that decreasing DHA levels in phosphatidylserine is linked to the progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, the incorporation of phosphatidylserine into cell membranes depends on the availability of both PS and DHA. Sufficient amounts of DHA-enriched phosphatidylserine are necessary for the fusion of intraneuronal secretory granules with the presynaptic membrane, the release of neurotransmitters, and proper interaction with postsynaptic receptors. (source)
Phosphatidylserine And Omega 3 For Late Life Depression
This research (source) aimed to investigate the impact of a supplement containing phosphatidylserine and omega-3 fatty acids on late-life depression, using both clinical evaluation and salivary cortisol levels. Eighteen elderly individuals with major depression, who had shown inadequate improvement with antidepressant therapy for at least 6 months, were chosen for the study.
They were administered a supplement comprising 100 mg of phosphatidylserine, 119 mg of DHA, and 70 mg of EPA three times daily for 12 weeks. The supplement’s effects were evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D17) and measurements of basal salivary cortisol levels and its circadian rhythm. These parameters were selected as indicators because patients with depression typically exhibit elevated salivary cortisol levels and irregular circadian rhythms, which tend to improve with depression alleviation. The average HAM-D17 scores significantly improved in all participants after 12 weeks of supplementation.
Among these participants, 10 were classified as non-responders and 8 as responders. Responders showed normalization of both basal salivary cortisol levels and its circadian rhythm, whereas non-responders did not. The findings suggest that phosphatidylserine and omega-3 fatty acids, or other components of the supplement, may be beneficial for late-life depression, potentially associated with the correction of basal salivary cortisol levels and its circadian rhythm. (source)
When To Take Phosphatidylserine?
In most studies the dose was broken up and taken throughout the day. For example if taking 300mg per day you might take 100mg at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. If you are primarily using it for sleep then you may like to explore taking the full dose in the evening.
How Much Phosphatidylserine Per Day?
200-800mg/day has been used in clinical trials.
